Families And Students Rights To Confidentiality Education Essay

Given households ‘ and pupils ‘ rights to confidentiality, what would you make in the undermentioned state of affairss? ( 1 ) Teachers are discoursing pupils and their households during tiffin in the instructor ‘s sofa. ( 2 ) you notice that the pupils ‘ records in your school are kept in an unsupervised country? Keeping confidentiality is one of the most of import occupations of all instructors. Guidelines for confidentiality to protect pupils and households rights are outlined in the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act every bit good as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( Salend, 2008, p. 178 ) . In state of affairs figure one I would near the other instructors and inquire them if they are cognizant that they are go againsting the confidentiality of the pupils and households that they are discoursing. Then I would explicate to them that as instructors we are expected to maintain information about the lives of our pupils and their households private and the lone clip that information about pupils and their households should be discussed is in a meeting that has been set up to be after something for that specific pupil and household. In state of affairs figure two I would talk in private with the rule of the school and voice my concerns with him about the privateness of pu pils ‘ records at the school. I would explicate to him that I believed that the records should be kept in a location where they are supervised in order to protect the privateness of the pupils ‘ information. If the records are kept in an unsupervised location so person who should non hold entree to see the records may be able to. Think about several individuals you talk to on a regular basis. How do their communicating manners differ in footings of oculus contact, delay clip, word significances, facial and physical gestures, voice quality, personal infinite, and physical contact? How make these differences affect you? How do you set your communicating manner to suit these differences? What are some other schemes you could utilize to advance effectual communicating? Harmonizing to the text edition, communicating manners and forms vary from civilization to civilization and things such as â€Å" oculus contact, delay clip, word significances, facial and physical gestures, voice quality and tone, personal infinite, and physical contact have different significances and intents in assorted civilizations † ( Salend, 2008, p. 185 ) . On a regular footing the people that I talk to include my coworkers, schoolmates, and professors. One of my coworkers is a really quiet individual and it frequently frustrates me when I am seeking to pass on with her. When she does speak to you she has a voice that is really quiet and hard to hear and she makes really small oculus contact with you and is normally looking towards the floor. In order to suit for the fact that she is really quiet and hard to understand, when I am speaking to her I try to do my conversations every bit brief as possible and when inquiring inquiries I try to inquire them in ways that she can react with brief replies. A few of my other coworkers on the other manus are really vocal, animated, and tend to occupy personal infinite when speaking. These features are besides sometimes hard to cover with and may acquire raging. When pass oning with these persons I tend to take the more inactive function and allow them make the speaking and I will give responses when they present me with an chance to speak. One manner that I think I could advance effectual communicating between myself and my quiet coworker is by composing a note when I have a inquiry for her. By supplying her with the chance to compose her response instead than holding to talk to me may be more comfy for her. Chapter 5 How are individuals with disablements and those from assorted cultural and lingual backgrounds pictured in books, telecasting shows, films, and sketchs? How make these portraitures affect you and your pupils ‘ apprehension and credence of single differences? How can you assist learn credence? Although there are some books, telecasting shows, films and sketchs that portray persons with disablements every bit good as people from different civilizations and lingual backgrounds in positive ways the bulk of these beginnings portray these persons in negative, disrespectful, and degrading ways. Children are strongly influenced by what they see on Television and what they read in books. Therefore kids who view these negative portraitures of persons with disablements and different cultural and lingual backgrounds are really likely to see the negative portraitures as being true and make jobs with their credence of these persons. As instructors, making a positive schoolroom that promotes credence of everyone is really of import. The text edition explains that there is a assortment of attitude alteration and information-sharing schemes that can assist advance positive attitudes towards everyone in your schoolroom ( Salend, 2008, p. 203 ) . Some of the cardinal factors in doing these schemes successful include: sing all individuals as capable persons with alone personalities, qualities, likes, disfavors, strengths, and challenges ; advancing the position that similarities and differences are natural and positive and that we all benefit from diverseness and appreciating single differences ; furthering sensitiveness instead than understanding ; supplying information, direct contact, and experiences that portion of import information about and counter stereotyped positions of others perceived as different ; and prosecuting in actions that support others ( Salend, 2008, p. 203-204 ) . Think ( and react in composing ) about how you would react to the undermentioned state of affairss: Students are stating anti-Semetic gags ; utilizing footings such as Indian giver ; miming a pupil ‘s speech pattern ; denying their racial, cultural, or spiritual individualities ; badgering a male pupil who liked to run up. These are all state of affairss that would be uncomfortable and hard to cover with, nevertheless they are things that come up and something has to be done about them. In these state of affairss I would hold a schoolroom conversation with my pupils and inquire their sentiments on why they think that stating these things may be right or incorrect. I would so show my sentiments on these phrases or remarks and explain to my pupils why these remarks are unacceptable and should non be used. Some of the illustrations that the book provides for covering with insensitive and intolerant behaviours and remarks include set uping and pass oning policies and regulations against all Acts of the Apostless of intolerance and exclusion, placing Acts of the Apostless of intolerance and why they are unacceptable, clear uping to pupils that these behaviours will non be tolerated, instantly reacting to incidents of intolerance and supplying direct effects, following up on the incidents, and describing the incidences to decision makers and other professionals for support on turn toing the issue ( Salend, 2008, p.225-226 ) . Chapter 6 What larning schemes do you utilize? Are they successful? How did you larn them? What other larning schemes might be helpful to you? Harmonizing to the text edition, larning schemes are â€Å" techniques that Teach pupils how to larn, act, and win in academic and societal state of affairss † ( Salend, 2008, p. 244 ) . One scheme that I use is when finishing assignments, such as this one, I read through all of the inquiries on the assignment foremost, and so I go back to the first inquiry and read it once more before I begin replying it. By pre-reading the full assignment foremost I get an thought of what I need to be believing about and so I can concentrate on the particular inside informations as I work on each single inquiry. When it comes to observe pickings, my scheme is to utilize slug points and compose down the of import parts of what the instructor is stating instead than seeking to rapidly compose every individual word that they are stating. For me all of my schemes seem to work because I tend to make good on my school assignment so something must be working right for me. One scheme that I found in the text edition that might assist when composing documents is the POW + TREE scheme ( Salend, 2008, p. 439 ) . The elements involved in this scheme are P: choice my thought, O: form my notes, W: write and state more, T: subject sentence and state what you believe, R: grounds three or more for why you believe this, Tocopherol: explain grounds, and Tocopherol: stoping ( Salend, 2008, p. 439-440 ) .

My Story – It all started when I was driving down Bullet Avenue

It all started when I was driving down Bullet Avenue. I was on the night shift, I work for the L.A.P.D, and I'd been working for L.A.P.D for longer than I care to remember. I've seen a lot, a lot of nasty things that most people wouldn't want to know happen or see happen for that matter; some call it the stuff of dreams, I call it the stuff of nightmares. Anyway, a familiar voice mumbled out of the radio. It was my mentor Jimmy, he had shown me the ropes when I was just a kid, we went through the good the bad and the very ugly, he was my friend if there was at least one person I could trust in this world it would be Jimmy. I remember what he said like it was yesterday ‘Hey Max, we had a report of a disturbance in some apartment block on 6th Avenue. Could you go check it out?† I naturally said yes. I took a left at 4th because of the road works ahead. When I arrived I got out of the car and there was this certain coldness in the air, a sick smell that normally told me something wasn't right. To my right there were some tramps, or rough sleepers as they are formally called, huddling up in the ally trying to keep warm in the cold night. I looked a little closer and noticed that that wasn't the only thing they were doing. A needle appeared in one of their hands I thought I wouldn't intrude on their good time just in case a needle was not the only thing they were carrying. I strolled past them, without even a blink they carried on. I got to the entrance of the apartment block and opened the old double pine doors and was not surprised to see it was just like every other apartment on the block. A dirty mess of old newspapers and furniture scrolled out on the floor like a typhoon had just hit. There was stairs straight ahead of me and a couple more rough sleepers who seemed to be oblivious to the fact that I had just walked in. Both were next to each other, they were so absorbed by the drugs they didn't even seem to look alive just a cold long dead stare out of the far window, the drug they had just injected was strange, not any drug I new of, and I knew every single one that anyone was using . I got a glimpse of the formula, a clear slime green liquid in the syringe. I decided to come back later and take a sample. But for now I would pursue the disturbance. I followed the wooden stairs up into a long corridor and then I stopped dead in my tracks as the faint sound of voices came from the door with the big dent in it. I moved closer so I could hear what the conversation was about, I couldn't quite make out the words but the voices were clearly of a man and a woman. I had now reached the door. I moved to the side and then an ear piercing scream sunk through the walls, it lasted for a couple of seconds then everything went silent. I had already reached for my gun, but at this, with one kick, the door was down. I appeared to be in the living room. The place was a mess: books on the floor, tables knocked over, and cupboards open. I looked down and a trail of burning red blood grabbed my attention. It lead into the room opposite. The disturbance I was called to checkout had now turned into a possible murder enquiry. I was starting to think that this could get very dangerous. As I moved towards the opposite room the trail of blood got thicker and more apparent a murder had been committed. I leaned to the side and with a forward role into the room I swung my gun out and was ready to face the culprit but I was faced with something almost completely different and more horrifying. A dead women her cold dead eyes and the pail expression told me that she had been the victim of a vicious stab wound this was confirmed by the incredibly horrific gash in her side, throat and left leg. By the way she was dressed I'd say she was a prostitute but the question was who killed her and who her client was. Instead of the average everyday cops who just ask questions and sit in there cosy little office eating donuts, I think actions speak louder then words so I get out in the field, probably because I don't have a home life, that had been taken away from me along time ago but back to the situation in hand I started to look through her possessions. I new it was her apartment because I recognized her face in the photos sprawled out on the bed-side table. I found various documents that suggested that she hung out with the wrong type of people in simple terms people who had various powers around town â€Å"gangsters†. But I was still yet to find the murder weapon. I'm not like the cops in the movies always calling for back up I could do it on my own. I eventually heard the familiar sound of sirens that usually made me uneasy but this time just made my movement quicker and more fluent. I was now determined to find the vital clues that I needed to possibly solve this mystery and make me feel like I've earned my pay. suddenly it hit me a white little card with the writing papa Vitto's pizza restaurant laying in the cool, burgundy red blood I picked it up Vitto was associated with some of those people I was talking about earlier he was not a the type of man you would mess with, for example, his wife was found out to be having an affair, the guy she had the affair with was later found floating down the river in three separate suitcases and Vittos wife wasn't found at all but the thing was if Vitto liked you it was quite an advantage he could do things for you, give you what you wanted but if you were one of the unlucky ones Vitto did not like, kind of like me then you might as well leave town. I thought I would I'd pay him a visit since he or one of his thugs was the prime suspect. Since it had been so long since I had my encounter with vitto, I decided to arrange a meeting with him first and not drop in uninvited. I new where one of his many associates hung out so I went to arrange it with a little persuading he did what I said. When I got to the pizza place if you could call it that, It was just like I remembered it a dump, it was a small building backed on to a dock with warn out and stained walls and almost shattered windows, at night it was like a haunted hell house I opened the huge double doors and approached the counter I had that strange feeling where something didn't quite feel right I got to the counter and rang the bell it was just as bad inside than outside, tables and chairs scattered everywhere. After a while of waiting I smelt the unnatural smell of gas which numbed the reality that I had been set up I dashed for the front double doors which by this time had been somehow locked I don't think it was a coincidence I had been lured in like a mouse to cheese. I made a dash for the back door through the kitchen it was blocked with a huge wooden cabinet there was no point moving it. it looked at least 500 pounds just when I was reflecting on my life and thinking of the shattered dreams and lost loved ones. I then caught a glimpse of a shiny object in the corner of my eye. I had been given a second chance it was an axe I grabbed it with a tough grip and saw my target I ran towards the cabinet swinging the axe about like a man possessed the axe hit with such a force that the cabinet doors shattered like glass on a concrete floor. It gave me new hope so I kept hacking and hacking the cabinet disappeared within a flash one swipe with the axe and the door was gone too. I jumped out on to the peer and made a leap for the water the cold icy feeling numbed me to my brain while I was submerged all I could hear was the almost fatal sound of the pizza place becoming a crater in the ground. After this experience the option of lying low looked good to me so I spent a bit of time sweating it out in my friend Jimmy's apartment. Then I would be back on that case like a kid eating cake.

Aristotle’s views on slavery

Aristotles views on slavery Ancient Greek society generally, and therefore classical Athens, even when it was a ‘democracy’, was bored in slavery, an institution which Aristotle did not consider to be unjust and which he defends in book I of his Politics. This essay will focus on why Aristotle spent so much time on the subject of slavery. Also he claims that woman should not be treated the same as slaves, I would like to discuss the grounds in which he makes this distinction. What is the difference between conventional slavery and natural slavery? And most importantly what is the effect of Aristotle’s argument on conventional slavery? Aristotle’s views on slavery are to the modern mind morally objectionable. Many find them poorly argued and incompatible with more fundamental tenants of his system[1]. Aristotle raises the question of whether slavery is natural or conventional. In his writing he insists that the former is the case. Is theory insists that some people are naturally slave s and some are naturally masters, thus he says: â€Å"But is there any one thus intended by nature to be a slave, and for whom such a condition is expedient and right, or rather is not all slavery a violation of nature?†[2]. It is not hard to answer this question, on the basis of reason and fact. For it is clear that it is necessary for some to rule and other be ruled from the hour of their birth, some are marked for subjection and some to rule. However, it may seem that those who are ruled must be slaves but this is not true at all. It seems clear that in the situation between a slave and a master, the master does not treat the slave as an equal, or as he wishes to be treated, as no one would willingly allow themselves to be enslaved. By implication this would mean that the relationship between ‘master’ and ‘slave’ is an unjust one, which in turn violates Aristotle’s fundamental principal of justice. However Aristotle states that this would o nly be the case if master and slave were indeed truly equal. In fact, however they are not. Because not only is the slave not an Athenian citizen but in addition the master is the superior of the natural slave in a number of respects e.g. possession of reason, wisdom, capacity for autonomous action etc. All of which are qualities that Aristotle associates with ‘humanity’, and all of which in his view are lacking in those who are natural slaves[3]. Aristotle says: â€Å"Where then there is such a difference as that between soul and body, or between men and animals (as in the case of those whose business is to use their body, and who can do nothing better), the lower sort are by nature slaves, and it is better for them as for all inferiors that they should be under the rule of a master. For he who can be, and therefore is, another’s and he who participates in rational principle enough to apprehend, but not to have, such a principle, is a slave by nature. Whereas t he lower animals cannot even apprehend a principle; they obey their instincts. And indeed the use made of slaves and of tame animals is not very different; for both with their bodies minister to the needs of life. Nature would like to distinguish between the bodies of freemen and slaves, making the one strong for servile labor, the other upright, and although useless for such services, useful for political life in the arts both of war and peace. But the opposite often happens–that some have the souls and others have the bodies of freemen. And doubtless if men differed from one another in the mere forms of their bodies as much as the statues of the Gods do from men, all would acknowledge that the inferior class should be slaves of the superior. And if this is true of the body, how much more just that a similar distinction should exist in the soul? but the beauty of the body is seen, whereas the beauty of the soul is not seen. It is clear, then, that some men are by nature free , and others slaves, and that for these latter slavery is both expedient and right.†[4]

Econmics 100 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Econmics 100 - Essay Example Since the net export is a part of the gross domestic product, considerable rise in exports has led to significant rise in GDP of the country. This in turn is reflected in the higher growth rate of the economy. The growth of an economy is measured by calculating the changes occurring in the total volume of output in the economy or the real income of the individual residents of the nation. However, in recent years there has been less than expected level of economic growth. Therefore the government has adopted different fiscal and monetary policies to boost up economic activities in the country. This paper analyses the policy prescriptions followed by the government as presented in the article. 3.0 Analysis 3.1 Export led growth The 1993 United Nations System of National Accounts (1993 SNA) allows the countries to calculate their growth with the help of any of three credible indicators; the volume of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP), real gross domestic income or the re al gross national income. The GDP is the easiest and the most uncomplicated way to account for the growth of a country (World Development Indicators: 2012, 217). The gross domestic product is defined as â€Å"the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time† (Mankiw 2011, 494). The most commonly used approach to measure the GDP is the expenditure method (Taylor 2006, 138). Economists denote GDP as ‘Y’ and divide the components of GDP in to four parts; consumption (denoted by C), investment (denoted by I), government expenditure (denoted by G) and the net exports made by the country (denoted by NX) (Mankiw 2011, 496). The identity that represents the GDP calculation is as follows: Y = C + I + G + NX The net exports component of the GDP is actually the difference between the amount of export and the amount of imports made by the economy. If this difference is positive, it implies the amount of total exports is gre ater than the amount of total import and positive net exports increases the total GDP of the country. If the level of exports falls short of the level of imports, there is negative net export and the amount of GDP declines. The Chinese policy of emphasizing on exports has brought dauntless growth in the Chinese economy since the past three decades. However, recently the Chinese have been facing a huge external constraint in this path of growth. China depends on the international market heavily for its exports, particularly the U.S. and the Europe. The large scale exports made to the U.S. is leading to massive trade deficit in the U. S. It is causing financial vulnerability and discouraging the country’s manufacturing sector. This can potentially harm the development process of the country and stall its course of recovery that is still in progress after the severe sub-prime crisis that occurred in the year 2007. Since the USA is a large country in terms of the Chinese exports, recession in the country might affect the entire world economy, including China. Hence the Chine policy makers have considered shifting their attention towards domestic demand. As the article published in a BBC website says, the policymakers have expressed the desire â€Å"to increase domestic demand to reduce its dependence on exports and achieve more sustainable growth†

Anthropology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anthropology - Assignment Example The new class of leaders can easily be recognized by their message and actions. The book illustrates how Muslim leaders have continued to dissociate themselves with violence. According to the book, modern Muslim leaders are fighting in a new frontier in order to disassociate Islam from terrorism. Following the September 11 attack on the US, Islam was placed in the same class as terrorism (Shadid 34). Thus, the new leaders are striving to defend Islamic religion from terrorism accusation by denouncing violence. Unlike conventional Muslim, the new leaders have also formed political parties to push forward their agenda. Political movements are substituting militant organizations such as Mujahidin army, Taliban and Fatah. The new leaders are also concerned with social transformation through peaceful reforms. This has made them to engage in social activities and civic education. Therefore, the new leaders are proposing democratic leadership instead of the traditional militant organizations. Through the new approach, the new leaders hope to transform the Muslim commu nity significantly. In the education system and practices described by Mottahedeh (mantle of the prophet) and Blank (mullahs on the mainframe), what factors in each produce habits of conformity and what features foster critical examination. How does the Taliban education, described by Shadid (legacy of the prophet), compare? Mottahedeh and Blank evaluate the role of education in Islamic transformation. Both writers examine the role of education in the formation of orthodox Islam. In each form of education system described by the writers, westernization or adoption of western values is a common aspect. According to the books, the Muslim world can only achieve development if it detaches education from westernization. For instance Blank notes that orthopraxy among Muslims has created a high level of scientific sophistication. The author also highlights how educational values have been distorted by

International Law Dispute Settlement (DB-2) Research Paper

International Law Dispute Settlement (DB-2) - Research Paper Example hill (2011), immunity against suit means that the party involved is not liable and it is impossible to use it, and it should not even be bothered to participate in the lawsuit. In this case, MBI cannot sue Country D for failing to pay for the military equipment supplied to them. However, there are cases where the supplier cannot be held liable for any defective military equipment, and thus, may demand full payment for the equipment supplied. Rakowsky (2005) states that Feres-Stencel doctrine can be used in cases where the suppliers of military equipment supply products with design defects, which have been approved by the government. He argues that permitting liability against contractors (in this case, the multinational corporation, MBI) in such a situation can subvert the Feres-Stencel doctrine. This is because the military suppliers can simply pass the associated expenditures or costs through to the government. Making contractors responsible for the designs accepted by the government would put the judiciary in a state in which they will be forced to make military decisions (Rakowsky, 2005). Thus, the Ninth Circuit has created its own way of determining contractor immunity. The supplier can be immune if he is capable of proving that the country in question approved the â€Å"precise specifications for the allegedly defective military equipment† (Rakowsky, 2005). Thus, if MBI is able to prove that Country D approved of the military equipment, the supplier is capable of suing Country D in Country C. It is legal and ethical for MBI to make such a move because the law provides the immunity of suppliers who deal with military equipment. A number of ethical issues arise such as why Country D refused to pay for the suppliers offered to them by MBI’s subsidiary. Other ethical issues include if the move made by MBI would hold any ground. It is important to note that performing business globally presents its unique challenges such as ethical challenges. This is common

Personal Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Reflection Paper - Essay Example The main characters in the experience I explain are my best friend Jeff, his girlfriend Kelsey and me. There were many different stages in this experience too. As Jeff and I were friends since long, Kelsey too became a close friend of mine through him. However, one day I saw Jeff terribly upset and when I asked him as to what happened, he told me that he and Kelsey are no more having a good time together. Soon, it reached a breakup. Jeff was totally shattered, and he said that Kelsey was a terrible person for the way she dealt with the break up. By the time he finished explaining all the ill deeds of Kelsey, my perceptions about Kelsey was totally altered. I got a totally different perception of Kelsey and I could no more see her as a friend because in my opinion, she totally lacked sympathy and empathy. However, the unexpected happened later on. A month or two later, I found Jeff and Kelsey talking over phone and in one weeks time, I found them together again. However, I found it en tirely difficult to forget the wrong doing and forgive her. I told Jeff that I had nothing to do with her. However, later on, Kelsey came to me and forced me to listen to her explanation. As I heeded to her request, what I got was a totally different picture. The information Jeff gave me was over exaggerated and partially wrong. Thus, after months, I found that the conclusion I reached about Kelsey was wrong and I had to change it. Evidently, this is a perfect example of wrong perception where a number of factors ranging from a wrong application of perception schema and the limitation imposed by perceptual set created problems in my understanding. In addition, one can see the influence of recency effect. It seems that I went wrong from the moment of selecting the stimuli. I gave attention to the wrong stimulus and ended up in a wrong perception. There are various factors that affect the process of

Social Context Account Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social Context Account - Essay Example For one to look back at the past and analyse its effect in life today, the present has to be favourable according to the individual in question. This means that if the past influenced one’s life so badly that the present is damaged, only counselling or other forms of therapy can remedy the situation and enable one to look back at the events of their past.1 Depending on an individual, the social environment one grows in can make or break one’s character. For instance, some people are discouraged by discriminative backgrounds till they psychologically believe they are not worth better treatment. On the other hand, others consider maltreatment as a challenge which if overcome, one emerges not only a stronger, but also a better person. Due to the unpredictable nature of a child’s reaction to the social environment, there are many organizations committed to ensuring that children are protected from harsh social conditions. In addition, many governments have signed tre aties and passed laws to protect young citizens.2 _____________________________ 1 A James, and A Prout (eds), Constructing and Reconstructing childhood: contemporary issues in the sociological Study of Childhood, Falmer Press, London, 1997. 2 R Appignanesi, and O Zarate, Freud for Beginners, Icon Books, Cambridge, 1992. Background information My parents were born and brought up in Bangladesh after which they moved to London, UK. I was born on April 4, 1989 in London where I have lived ever since. The UK and Bangladesh are countries with many contrasting characteristics that are mainly due to their geographical locations, economic, political, and religious practises found in the two countries. Bangladesh is found in southern Asia while UK is situated in northern Europe. Bangladesh is mainly an Islamic country while the most dominant religion in the UK is Christianity. In society, religion plays an important role in how the society operates since it provides a basis for moral and ethi cal standards. In the UK, the church and government are separate entities and that is why the society in London is considered secular and has markedly different characteristics compared to that of Bangladesh where religion determines the kind of lifestyle people live. Comparison between UK and Bangladesh Christianity, mostly Anglican, is the dominant religion in the UK while Bangladesh is mostly Islamic. The cultures of the two countries are composite, having components derived from all over the world. Both countries are members of the UN and have signed the United Nations convention on the rights of the child (UNCRC) which seeks to ensure that minors enjoy basic rights and are protected from unfair treatment. However, the countries differ in the way they enforce these laws since in Bangladesh, children are still recruited into the armed forces among other forms of mistreatment. This means that a child growing up in Bangladesh is likely to be affected by these vices directly or indi rectly. On the other hand, the UK is strict in assuring her citizens of their rights and, therefore, children enjoy more rights and freedoms compared to their Bangladeshi counterparts. 99 percent of the population in the UK is literate as compared to a mere 43.1 percent in Bangladesh. Education has a huge impact on how people relate to each other and their interpretations of everyday phenomena. On the other hand, the educated population in UK is more corrupt at 7.7 perception index compared

Math and the paraprofessional teaching fractions Essay

Math and the paraprofessional teaching fractions - Essay Example As a teacher, I need to address all the three models in well-designed instructional activities so that Bonnie and Emanuel can develop a rich concept of fractions, which they can use to make sense of measurement, numbers, and operations. To give them the concept of 1/2, I will fold the red sheet into half and will ask them how much reds would be required to cover the yellow part completely. Like this, they will understand that two reds would be required to cover the yellow means one red would be required to cover 1/2 of the yellow sheet. After this, to make them aware with the idea of 1/4, with the help of my students I will fold the blue sheet twice to create fourths. Leaving the paper folded, I will ask the students about the number of blue that would be using to cover the yellow sheet. In this way, they will come to know that four blues would be required to cover the yellow means that each part of the blue is 1/4 of the yellow. For this model, we would be using a linking cube train. We will join the four cubes of the train together; at one end put the signboard of zero and at the other use the signboard written ‘one’ on it. Then to give them the concept of 1/4, I will put the board with question mark after the first cube. Then I will ask them about the number of cubes that are dividing the train. As the answer would be four, likewise I will try to explain them that the whole train is divided into four parts and one cube of the train represents 1/4 of the train. With the same concept, in order to give them the idea of 1/2, I will make the train of two cubes and will put the question mark signboard after the first cube. In this way, I will tell them that since the train is divided into two halves. Therefore, in denominator, we will write the total division that is two and in numerator, we will write the block number that is before

In the News Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

In the News - Essay Example The article argues that this trend will continue to grow in future as interest of the people in the internet is expected to increase in coming years. Ad tracking companies attempt to increase the experience of the viewers and this is the main reason why they are expected to do good in future. The article also forecasts that in future customers will be targeted with more relevant and quality advertisements. The material discussed in the article is both important and relevant to course content. Internet advertisement has become an important area of advertisement. Gone are the days when managers had to worry about print and television media only. Digital media and social media is an all new territory for managers and today they have to focus more on such media in order to achieve their sales target. This is why the article is completely related to the course content and in also important for future managers. The article has great managerial implications for future marketers. The growth of internet marketing tells managers what audiences are interested in. Managers should focus more on the digital media than any other media in order to attract audiences because this is where the future

What Is The Globalization Essay Example for Free

What Is The Globalization Essay Foreword    The Economist has called   ‘globalisation’   the most abused word of the 21st century. Ironically, its clichà © status does not contribute much to common understanding of the term. The more extensively it is used by both scientists and popular media, the more ambiguous it appears. That is why the first and foremost task of the current report is to consider the term’s definitions and the scope of phenomena it covers. Besides, I would like to focus on the main challenges globalisation presents to public policy-making, paying attention especially to   the ones which affect states’ sovereignty and at the same time cause a number of other issues. What is Globalisation? Definitions of Globalisation First, let us dwell upon some of the possible definitions of the word ‘globalisation’. â€Å"Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is a social change, an increased connectivity among societies, and their elements due to transculturation, the explosive evolution of transport, and communication technologies to facilitate international cultural and economic exchange. The term is applied in various social, cultural, commercial and economic contexts. Globalization can mean 1)The formation of a global village- closer contact between different parts of the world, with increasing possibilities of personal exchange, mutual understanding and friendship between world citizens; 2) Economic globalization more freedom of trade and increasing relations among members of an industry in different parts of the world (globalization of an industry); 3) The negative effects of for-profit multinational corporations- the use of substantial and sophisticated legal and financial means to circumvent the bounds of local laws and standards, in order to leverage the labor and services of unequally-developed regions against each other. ( Globalization,2004 ) Thus, the notion is viewed predominantly from the social angle in its core meaning, and the scope of further implications is determined by the specific field or context of its concrete application. In   Globalization and Its Discontents   a few different definitions are provided.  Ã‚   â€Å"Globalization can be defined as the unfolding resolution of the contradiction between ever expanding capital and its national political and social formation†¦ Globalization can also be grasped as the triumph of capitalism, that is, as the ascendancy of economics over politics, of corporate demands over public policy, of the private over the public interest, of the TNC ( transnational corporations) over the national state †¦.Globalization can further be defined as the arrival of self-generating capital at the global level: that is, capital as capital, capital in the form of the TNC, free of national loyalties, controls, and interests†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( McBride 2000, pp.8- 9). These definitions   are confined to one nucleus understanding that globalisation should be viewed   in terms of correlation between economy and politics. It is economy that takes over the purely national institutions in the course of globalisation. The two following phenomena are of special importance for the current report,   since   they generate the main challenges to public policy, which will be considered in the next part. 1) Increase in the share of the world economy controlled by multinational corporations 2) Erosion of national sovereignty through establishment of transnational institutions, quasi governments. It is necessary to note, that these two phenomena are closely interrelated, transnational institutions forming a kind of legal basis for corporations’ power implementation. The increasing role of TNCs and transborder institutions naturally confront the status quo intra- and international relations. What challenges globalisation presents to states’ public policy and what new way of thinking and policy-making can evolve as a result of such confrontation is discussed in the next part. III. Globalisation and Public Policy The main trends of globalisation: which of them can present a challenge? In his article Democracy, globalization, and the problem of the state Michael Goodhart focuses on the trends of globalisation. I will try to make out , which problem the government faces to handle each of them. One of such trends consists in the so-called interpenetration of markets as a result of their expansion. The trend definitely puts policy-makers in front of a dilemma: how to keep the balance between fair competition of free market and the necessity to protect home industry Another one refers to the rapid development in information and communication technologies such as Internet and satellite communication.   This is definitely one of the main benefits of globalisation, though it can cause some problems as well, particularly the one of security, and, I am afraid, not only information security â€Å"Fragmentation or localization: the trend toward ethnic revivalism, reinvigorated nationalism, religious fundamentalism, and other local patterns of identification and organization† (Goodhart 2002) is a logical counteraction to unification and standardization globalisation can bring. This is a form of resistance, which can be abused by manipulators of public consciousness. The next two trends are of extreme importance for the current report, and they do challenge policy-makers around the globe. I will give an exact quotation from M. Goodhart’s research article:   The first of them is â€Å"expanding power of TNCs and other non-state institutions of governance: the growing prominence of TNCs both as economic entities eager to elude the direct control and regulation of states and as actors and agents in international governance. Many observers note the parallel expansion of other quasi-public and private institutions of governance† (Goodhart 2002) Another strong trend can be described as â€Å"declining policy and regulatory role of the state: the diminishing policy autonomy of states and their inability to remain effective actors in international political and economic affairs. The claim is that markets constrain or dictate state policy; rapid capital flows and speculation against currencies can destabilize and even wreck national economies.† (Goodhart 2002) Further on, I will give them consideration from a slightly different angle The Global World vs. Sovereignty.    â€Å"A more interesting and, from a policy perspective, more promising question is how states and governments might react to the phenomenon of globalization and any potential challenge to their sovereignty arising from it. Just how does globalization challenge a governments sovereignty?† (Reinicke 1998, p. 53) To answer this question a distinction between external an internal sovereignty should be drawn   . â€Å"Both are relational concepts. But whereas the former focuses on a states external environment and characterizes relations among states within the international system, the latter depicts a states setting within its own territory, characterizing, for example, relations between a government and its citizens, the economy, or other, more narrowly defined groups and institutions. From the perspective of this study, public policy is defined as the principal instrument by which governments operationalize internal sovereignty both in a constitutive and in an executive sense.   (Reinicke1998, pp.53-4) What is usually meant by public policy? What is the scope of policy-makers’ activity? This is a typical encyclopaedia definition: â€Å"Public policy is the study of policy making by governments. . A governments public policy is the set of policies (laws, plans, actions, behaviors) that it chooses. Birkland offers up these common traits of all definitions of public policy (p. 20): The policy is made in the publics name. Policy is generally made or initiated by government. Policy is interpreted and implemented by public and private actors. Policy is what the government intends to do. Policy is what the government chooses not to do† (Globalization,2004)   Traditionally, state policy is strictly divided into domestic and foreign, which becomes impossible in the global world. The distinction is blurred; political and economic management is thus challenged. The distinction between internal and external sovereignty is to facilitate a more profound understanding of the nature of this challenge and to give the answer to the question whether globalization violates states sovereignty. So, we can speak of internal and external instead of domestic and foreign, and in their turn these two dimensions are correlated with globalization and interdependence correspondingly.   The term   Ã¢â‚¬Ëœcomplex interdependence’   was first coined to describe a condition in which autonomous states are related by a growing number of channelspolitical, social, economic, cultural, and others. So interdependence, or mutual dependence â€Å"implies sensitivity or vulnerability to an external force. The units to be studied when examining and measuring interdependence are territorially bound, sovereign nation-states. International interdependence thus denotes a condition of mutual sensitivity and vulnerability among states in the international system. From the perspective of each state, the source of this sensitivity and vulnerability is external† (Reinicke1998, p.55) The main feature of economic interdependence is   an increased cross-border flow of goods , services and capitals . It defines the division of labour among national economies. All the factors form the framework of international finance and trade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"However, despite this expanded flow of goods, services, and capital across borders, national frameworks for policymaking under conditions of interdependence remain for the most part separate from the international arena. In other words, the increased interaction of national economies due to rising specialization leads to heightened interdependence, or, as is often argued, simply dependence, yet national governments remain the principal center of political and economic power as well as the locus of decision-making. Economic events in other countries do not have a direct and immediate impact on the domestic economy but are filtered through a set of policy boundaries, the effectiveness of which begins at, but does not reach beyond, the territory of the domestic economy.†( Reinicke,1998, p.55) Reinicke also points out that it is not de jure legal sovereignty but de facto operational sovereignty which is challenged by interdependence. â€Å"In operational terms, internal sovereignty in todays modern democracy means the ability of a government to formulate, implement, and manage public policy t and society at large†¦A threat to a countrys operational internal sovereignty implies a threat to its ability to conduct public policy. With respect to the economy, the legal dimension of internal sovereignty becomes operational when governments collect taxes or regulate private sector activities, assuming that the boundaries that define the relationship between the public and the private sector are both stable and symmetric. †¦In contrast to internal sovereignty, external sovereignty implies the absence of a supreme authority and therefore the independence of states in the international system.† (Reinicke1998, p.57) The two concepts of sovereignty are closely interrelated, one giving basis or rational to the existence of another. It is quite clear that a state’s sovereignty cannot possibly be implemented through its external element because it is internal regularities and legal and public patterns   that hold a state together. According to what has been previously said about interdependence and challenges it presents to sovereignty, it is crucial to focus on the impact of globalisation. A few definitions of globalisation have already been given in previous parts of the current report. Another one is necessary within the given context. â€Å"According to one definition, globalization in its pure form is a process that subsumes and rearticulates national economies into the global economy through cross-national processes and transactions. These processes and transactions take on an autonomous role in a consolidated global marketplace for production, distribution, and consumption. According to this view, the global economy dominates national economies existing within it.† (Reinicke1998, p. 63) Hence, the attention should be drawn to the fact that while interdependence is, so to speak, cross- or transeconomical, being coherent element, connecting national economies,   globalisation is something that lies within the economy, i.e. it is intrinsic, inherent to them. â€Å"As national borders no longer encompass sufficient territory to function as self-contained markets for global companies, the spatial structure and dynamics that delineate the geography of private sector economic activities are becoming decoupled from the territorial structure and dynamics that define political geography, that is, the territorially bound nation-state and its power of decision-making within the economy†¦ Qualitatively, this disjuncture, or mismatch, between political and economic geography does not challenge the external sovereignty of states. It cannot. Rather, by altering the spatial relationship between the private and the public sector, global corporate networks challenge the internal sovereignty of states. Specifically, since the organizational logic of globalization induces corporations to seek the fusion of multiple, formerly segmented national markets into a single whole, it generates an economic geography that subsumes multiple political geographies. As a result, a government no longer has a monopoly of legitimate power over the territory within which corporations organize themselves. The greater the mismatch between political and economic geography, the more difficult it will be for national governments to act in an inclusive manner, allowing individuals to coexist and interact in a relatively predictable environment. This leads to the heightened perception of risk and insecurity widely observed in our societies† (Reinicke1998, p.64-65) Globalisation world is the world of information. The ability to conduct public policy properly depends on the governments’ access to information. The challenge is, their authorities spread only to a geographically national territories, not to the spheres of actual influence. To provide security, they need to obtain   operational information about economic actors, which do not necessarily perform their businesses within a   geographically restricted territory. Thus, the so-called information asymmetries arise. These asymmetries have always been the case in the modern world but the more globalised it gets, the more dramatic these gaps appear. The governments sometimes face the challenge of the most crucial information’s absence, which leads to not   at all unfounded anxiety of whether they are able to ensure national and global security. For example, it may present a huge difficulty for tax-assessing and collecting. But the information gaps may lie not only in the sphere of economy. A tragic evidence of traditional institutions’ inconsistency was September 11. â€Å"It needs to be recognised that globalisation is not just about increased flows between territorially distinct units, but also represents a more fundamental challenge to the spatial logic of international relations. The weapons systems of 11 September were launched from the eastern seaboard of the USA, not from across its borders. The perpetrators and their supporters were citizens of numerous countries. Most of the perpetrators had been educated in the USA and some were even US citizens. The target was not the military capacity of the USA but the symbols of its global hegemony. The fact that so many victims were non-American also reminds us that US power is embedded in transnational networks that transcend national boundaries. A new security politics needs to recognise the increasingly meaningless separation of the domestic and the international that informs so much conventional security thinking† (Beeson, Bellamy 2003 ). What happened is partially a result of the disjuncture between traditional governance, bounded spatially, and the global world following the new logics â€Å"Given the expansive nature of globalization, the spatial symmetry between the public and the private is disappearing†¦Like interdependence, globalization does not and cannot in any way challenge the legal internal sovereignty of a government. Globalization challenges internal operational sovereignty, and it is important for the subsequent discussion to keep this distinction in mind. Thus, just as states became increasingly sensitive and vulnerable to the actions of other states as increasing interdependence weakened their external operational sovereignty, so their internal operational sovereignty is being undermined by globalization, as territorially bounded governments can no longer project their power and policymaking capacity over the territory within which a global industry operates† (Reinicke1998, p.66) The problem does not only refer to global security and   global economy but to civil cociety and its citizens rights. â€Å"Although individuals may exercise their legal right to vote, the power or influence of that vote in shaping public policy has decreased with the decline in operational internal sovereignty and will continue to do so. Ultimately, a persistent weakness and failure of internal sovereignty, therefore, will lead to a questioning of the institutions and processes of democracy itself†Ã‚   (   Reinicke1998 , p.69) To sum up, â€Å"the globalization of industry presents a challenge to the capacity of governments to govern. But this challenge to their ability to conduct public policy is not an external challenge. It does not emanate from another state, as usually conceptualized in the standard approaches to the study of international relations, and in particular of international interdependence, which focuses on external sovereignty. Rather, the challenge comes from within each country, as economic networks (legal and illegal alike) increasingly operate in a nonterritorial functional space that defies individual territorialities and thus internal sovereignties† (Reinicke1998, p.69) Governments response In the light of the challenges,   which were considered above the question arises, in what way should governments react to globalisation and its consequences.   W.Reinicke   suggests three possible ways to deal with the issue, namely defensive intervention, offensive intervention and global public policy. â€Å"Policymakers can intervene defensively or offensively in globalization. By maintaining or resurrecting barriers to globalization through protective economic measures such as tariff and nontariff barriers, capital controls, or other national regulatory measures in the domains of transport, communications, and information, defensive intervention would in principle return internal sovereignty to the national government. This, in turn, would force companies to reorganize along national lines, much as they did before they adopted global strategies†¦ An alternative strategy to defensive intervention is offensive intervention. Here countries themselves become global competitors, striving to provide the most attractive environment possible for the strategies of global companies within their own territorial boundaries, or to lobby other countries on behalf of their domestic corporations in support of their overseas strategies† (Reinicke1998, p. 83)   A number of measures can be of use   with the latter type   such as   cutting taxes to attract I capitals flow, subsidies, aggressive export promotion campaigns. Corruption , bribery are not   underestimated in this case. Finally, Reinicke suggests   in his opinion the most   effective strategy, that of a global public policy. â€Å"Global public policy differs from both interventionist strategies in that it reverses the adjustment path between the two geographies by realigning the political with the economic geography. Rather than trying to force the economic geography of globalization to adjust to the political geography of interdependence, global public policy alters the political geography in a way that can both accommodate economic globalization and at the same time allow countries to continue to exercise internal sovereignty. Under these circumstances, the reach and management of internal sovereignty are no longer defined by territoriality, but rather by the spatial extension of globalization, that is, on a functional or sectoral basis† (Reinicke1998, p.87). It is global public policy that need governance but does not need a global government. III. Conclusion In the modern world to ignore the phenomenon of globalisation   would not only be impossible but also dangerous. Elaboration of   the efficient strategies is necessary   to cope with the information gap, which is the main challenge to public policy conduction. Transnational corporations increasingly   take over the intranational legitimate organs and reduce the role of democracy and civil rights’ influence upon the course of events. Under these conditions a few approaches are possible, some of them presupposing artificial intervention and oppression to the current circumstances. The most productive way , however, is to eliminate the problematic disjuncture between political and economic geography is not by trying to update it but to create an entirely new system of governance, which can be called global public policy. Bibliography    Beeson, M.,Bellamy, A. 2003. ‘Globalisation, Security and International Order after 11 September’,The Australian Journal of Politics and History, vol. 49, no. 3, pp.339-340 Chanda, N. 2003, Coming Together: Globalisation means reconnecting the human community, Available at: http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/essay.jsp Ellwood, D.2002, ‘Americanisation or Globalisation? David Ellwood Argues That the Attempts of British Politicians to Copy an American Role Model Are Likely to Fail’,History Today, vol.52, no. 9 Globalization,2004, Available at: encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/globalization Goodhart, M.2002, ‘Democracy, Globalization and the Problem of the State’,Polity,vol.33,no.4, pp.527-528 Jhunjhunwala , B. 2004, ‘Alternative Globalization’, Addis Tribune, Available at:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=870 Kearney, A.T..2003, ‘Measuring Globalization: Whos Up, Whos Down’,Foreign Policy,60-61 McBride, S.(ed.).2000,Globalization and Its Discontents, Macmillan, Basingstoke Mittelman, J.2002, ‘Making Globalization Work for the Have Nots’,   International Journal on World Peace, vol. 19, no. 2, pp.3-4 Reinicke, W.1998,Global Public Policy: Governing without Government? The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC Shuja, S.2001, ‘Coping with Globalisation’,Contemporary Review, 279, no.1630, pp.257-258

More and More on Technology Essay Example for Free

More and More on Technology Essay They are the ‘machines’ which just receive their leaders’ requirements and relying on machines to complete without thinking. Becoming shortsighted and lose their belief, human act just for only financial purpose, regarding the progress and the negative effects. There have been many crises appearing one by one at the aspect of environmental pollution, religious conflicts and the injustice in the social wealth. For example, the Rhine has lost the beauty described by Friedrich HÃ ¶lderlin, a major German lyric poet, and been forced to be cut off and be a hydropower station to produce electricity as a slave to sever for human. Nature has changed its role, losing its previous holy, and become a serious of progress of being exploded, transformation, storage and distribution. There is not anybody like the Indians in New Mexico, refusing to use steel plough to tillage. Why? Is it just a rejection of using the plough? It’s absolutely not. At the aspect of Indians, land is their mother and they should respect and protect her as a part of their bodies and using the steel plough to cultivate the land equals to doing harm to their mother. Itis not a foolish behavior. In contrast,it completely shows they still have the loyalty and the pure soul comparing with those numb people lost in the frigid material world. What’s more, human are just rescued by technology but lose in their own dilemma created by themselves. For women, suffering from the twisted complex ethics and aesthetics, they are on the heavier social pressure of every behavior given by the followed medium. Even the weight, the figure and the action of the every part of their body are strictly required and involved in their ethics. They have to limit their desire to make the body slim and the culture of blind diet and losing weight, causing women live in a nervous station and get psychological disease. To sum up, technology, different from machine, is a dynamic progress where human use machine system to communicate with the nature to balance the relative relationships. It is a positive product of human exploring the objective world but human cannot rely on to seriously. Though most of people are the user of new technology and not the finder, our thought should not be limited by technology. We should consider how to use the technology to make the world harmonious and serve human more effectively.

Book Vs Film: The Clockwork Orange

Book Vs Film: The Clockwork Orange Glenn DW will tell us something about the book then we will give you a short summary of the book, then I will give you some information about the author. After that glenn VH show us some differences between the book and the movie. And for ending we will show you a fragment. We are going to discuss the book and the movie A Clockwork Orange. The first thing we want to say, is that the book is very hard to read. There are a lot of hard words in it and Alex and his three friends speak a dialect, called nadsat. Its the teenage vocabulary of the future. Glenn Vanhaeren also read the book in Dutch and it was also very difficult to read according to him, even in Dutch. because they use a lot of words that nobody understands. In the Dutch version of the book is a list with all the explanations of these words, in the English version there isnt. A few examples: To viddy is to see A droog is a friend Short summary A clockwork orange is a story about a young teenager named Alex living in near-future England. Alex leads a small gang of teenage criminals, Dim, Pete, and Georgie are the other members. They do things like robbing and beating men and raping women. Alex and his friends spend a lot of their time at the Korova Milkbar, thats an establishment that serves milk laced with drugs, such milk is called Milk-plus. Alex begins his narrative from the Milk bar, where the boys sit around drinking. When Alex and his gang leave the bar, they go on a crime. Their last crime was when they broke into an old womans house. She calls the police, and before Alex can get away, Dim hits him in the eye with a chain and runs away with the others. The police found Alex on the ground and take him to their office, where he later heard that the woman he beat and raped during the earlier robbery has died. Now hes become a murderer. Alex is sentenced to fourteen years in prison. He befriends the prison chaplain, who notices Alexs interest in the Bible. The chaplain lets Alex read in the chapel while listening to classical music, because Alex likes classical music. On one day Alex is selected as the first candidate for an experimental treatment called Ludovicos Technique, a form of brainwashing that incorporates associative learning. After being injected with a substance that makes him dreadfully sick, the doctors force Alex to watch exceedingly violent movies. In this way, Alex comes to associate violence with the nausea and headaches he experiences from the shot. The process takes two weeks to complete. After this process Alex can no longer enjoy classical music, which he has always associated with violence. After two years in prison, Alex is released, a harmless human being incapable of vicious acts. Soon, however, Alex finds hes not only harmless but also defenceless, as his earlier victims begin to take revenge on him. His old friend Dim and an old enemy named Billyboy are both police officers now, and they take the opportunity to settle old scores. They drive him to a field in the country, beat him, and leave him in the rain. When they leave him Alex goes to a nearby cottage and knocks on the door, begging for help. The man living there lets him in and gives him food and a room for the night. Alex recognizes him from two years ago as the man whose wife he raped, but the man does not recognize Alex. This man, F. Alexander, is a political dissident. When he hears Alexs story, he thinks he can use Alex to incite public outrage against the State. He and three of his colleagues develop a plan for Alex to make several public appearances. When they are speaking to each other He berates the men in  nadsat, which arouses the suspicion of F. Alexander, who still remembers the strange language spoken by the teenagers who raped his wife. Based on F. Alexanders suspicion, the men change their plans. They lock Alex in an apartment and blast classical music through the wall, hoping to drive Alex to suicide so they can blame the government. Alex does, in fact, hurl himself out of an attic window, but the fall doesnt kill him. While he lies in the hospital, unconscious, a political struggle ensues, but the current administration survives. State doctors undo Ludovicos Technique and restore Alexs old vicious self in exchange for Alexs endorsement. The author Life Anthony Burgess was an English author; he was borne in Manchester in 1917 and died in London in 1993. His sister Muriel died in 1918 Four days later his mother Elizabeth died at the age of 30 on November 1918, Burgess was one year old. After the death of his mother, Burgess was raised by his aunt, because his dad was unable to raise him. You could say that Burgess hasnt had a normal youth. Burgess did military service during WW II. He left the army in 1946, and became teacher. In 1954, Burgess joined the British Colonial Service as a teacher. But most of his time, he wrote and worked at his novels. At his death he was a multi-millionaire, leaving a Europe-wide property portfolio of houses and apartments. Work His real name is John Burgess Wilson, but he published under the pen name Anthony Burgess. In total, Burgess wrote more than ten novels. He wasnt only a novel writer, he also wrote screenplays (eg. The Spy Who Loved Me, a James Bond movie). Except from being active in the world of literacy, Burgess was also musician and composed regularly. Several of his pieces were broadcast during his lifetime on BBC Radio. He wrote The Clockwork orange in 1962. This is Burgess most famous novel. The film version of A Clockwork orange was released in 1971. 2) The novel Main Theme Burgess believed that the freedom to choose is the big human attribute, This belief provides the central argument of A Clockwork Orange, where Alex must follow the Ludovico treatment. When the State removes Alexs power to choose his own moral course of action, Alex becomes nothing more than a thing. The chaplain, the novels clearest advocate for Christian morals, addresses the dangers of Alexs Reclamation Treatment when he tells Alex that goodness is something chosen. Characters The main character of The Clockwork Orange is Alex. He is the anti-hero of the novel. Alex likes to name himself Alexander the Large; this was later the basis for Alexs claimed surname De Large in the 1971 film. Alex is the leader of a gang, the tree other member of his gang are George, Pete and Dim. The rival of Alex (and his gang) is Billyboy. Billyboy also haves a gang, these two gangs often fight with each other. Dr. Brodsky is a doctor who is the founder of the Ludovico technique. There is also another doctor, Dr. Branom. This is Brodskys colleague and co-founder of the Ludovico technique. He appears friendly towards Alex at first, before forcing him into the theatre to be psychologically tortured. Another important character in the novel is the prison chaplain. This is the only character who is truly concerned about Alexs welfare There are many other, rather small characters. E.g. The people who are terrorized by Alex and his gang. 3) Book vs Film Differences Age There are plenty differences between the book and the film. One of the big differences is the age of the characters. In the book the characters are younger as the characters in the film. I will give you two specific examples of these differences. The girl that is about to be raped by Billy Boys gang is ten years old in the book while looking at the film it is a young woman which is about to be raped by Billy Boys. After meeting two ten-year-old girls named Marty and Sonietta in a record shop, Alex takes home these girls and rapes them. This happens in the Book but in the film, the girls are about 14 years old. Although these differences dont change the story or the meaning of the story, they do change the way you look at the story. If you would see a ten-year-old girl which is being raped by a 15 year old young man, who looks like a man of at least 18 years old in my opinion, it is not realistic enough. Unlike a film, a book it is not being visualised for you and so you dont see it. Then its shocking to read that this girl is so young. Ending The ending of the story is also different between the book and the film because the last chapter, which is chapter 21, of the book was not filmed. In this chapter, Alex meets Pete. That was the third member of the original gang. Alex realises that he wishes to do the same, but his violence was an unavoidable product of his youth. The film is ending with a scene where you see a naked girl that is being raped and Alex saying I was cured, all right. Overall there are some differences but they have almost no influence on the story. Most of the differences are just some small details. The differences in age are only improving the story and the differences in the music cant even have any influence because you cant hear music when you are reading a book. Although both endings are different the almost say the same and that is that Alex wants to change but because of his violent childhood he will never be completely cured. Crucial Scene The scene takes place just before Alex is released. The Ludovico threatment has ended and it has worked. In a short presentation the doctors want to show what they archieved. (show part of movie from minute 81 -> 86) (read book pg. 93 95; all of us) Conclusion The book is hard to read, as mentioned before. The movie of the book is excellent, each chapter in the book is a scene in the movie. Although, there is a lot of explicit content in the movie, the story is good and there is a message in it. Thank you for your attention Euthanasia in Australia: Arguments For and Against Euthanasia in Australia: Arguments For and Against McKenzie Maviso â€Å"Research arguments for and against Euthanasia in Australia. Is it likely to be decriminalised in the future or not? By what rationale?† Innovations and technologies in medical sciences throughout the history have focused primarily on disease preventions to achieve better health outcomes. However, physicians are often confronted with extreme challenges in life-and-death circumstances, particularly with patients who are suffering from prolonged and debilitating illnesses. To alleviate such suffering, euthanasia or physician-assisted death is sometimes considered upon request from patients. While it remains a globally controversial issue in medical practice, it is performed legally in some countries as an optional medical intervention. This essay will examine the main arguments for and against the practice of euthanasia in Australia. It will then argue that euthanasia is not likely be legalised because of strong oppositions relating to medical code of ethics, political objections and legal justice system perspectives. Therapeutic interventions for patients suffering from chronic and prolonged debilitating illnesses can be challenging in medical practice. With the focus to provide best possible intervention, physicians often consider various interventions for patients to put an end to pain and suffering. In some cases, patients who are diagnosed with incurable illnesses, such as cancer, which often continues to its devastating state can be unbearable for them and their family members (Frost, Sinha, Gilbert, 2014). Similarly, in such difficult situations, euthanasia is often considered upon the request of the patients to end life intentionally from their poor health conditions. Euthanasia, a Greek word meaning a â€Å"good† or â€Å"gentle death† whereby a patient has control over death and is often viewed as a medical intervention performed by physicians to end life (Boudreau Somerville, 2014; Devakirubai Gnanadurai, 2014; Starr, 2014). Furthermore, Levy, et al., (2013) explain tha t it can be â€Å"active† in order to actively end a life, while â€Å"passive† is based on the deliberate suspension of medical treatments to hasten death. Euthanasia can also be performed as â€Å"voluntary† upon patients’ request, or â€Å"involuntary† without the permission of the patient (Adan, 2013). It is often considered upon the perception that the debilitating condition is certain to suffer extremely, and that this suffering can only be resolved by euthanasia upon the patient’s consent. For instance, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Oregon in the United States (US) have legitimate control measures for physician-assisted death, especially by considering patients’ conditions and choices of care (Levett, 2011; Pereira, 2011). Thus, euthanasia is often conducted under specific situations when the devastating illness prevails over the health of patients that causes unbearable discomforts and sufferings. There are two primary reasons that qualify physicians to perform euthanasia in relation to patient’s poor health status. Firstly, autonomy in patients are perceived as important and need to be recognized in any health care practice. Autonomy is described as an individual with full self-control over mind, body and capable of making critical decisions and choices (Frost, et al., 2014). Obviously, patients are primary decision-makers that have the rights to access health care services where appropriate. Respect for autonomy thus, is considered as a main reason in health care to allow patients to have complete control when making decisions for euthanasia (Sjostrand, Helgesson, Eriksson, Juth, 2013). Furthermore, Ebrahimi, (2012) claims that arguments supporting euthanasia are based on the concept of autonomy and self-determination enabling patients to make critical decisions without impacting others. Conversely, physicians are to respect the rights of patient should a choice is m ade regarding medical care. For instance, in devastating medical situations when suffering becomes intolerable, autonomy must be acknowledged for patients requesting euthanasia intervention (Onwuteaka-Philipsen, et al., 2010; Trankle, 2014). As a result, recognizing the autonomy that lead to make critical choices and decisions relating to poor illnesses are often crucial during the course of care for both physicians and the patients. Secondly, constant pain and suffering experienced by patients with particular debilitating illness is another primary reason supporting the argument for euthanasia or physician-assisted death. Prolonged discomforts and sufferings have always been the basis for advocates in favour for legalization. Any therapeutic measures administered to patients must not be focused only on recovery processes, but also to enhance reliefs and comforts that are revealed in the sufferings (Lavoie, et al., 2014; Kucharska, 2013). In the same way, Frost, et al., (2014) maintain that to avoid terrible pain and suffering is an obvious indication why euthanasia may be justified. Although, suffering is a main reason used to explain euthanasia, Karlsson, Milberg and Strang (2012) further claim that patients with anticipatory fears, sufferings, and uncertainty in relation to the continuity of treatments often contemplate on this intervention. Providing therapeutic care to patients who are struggling amidst thei r illnesses can be challenging, but for some patients, physician-assisted death is a merciful and honourable act that relieves intense suffering (Boudreau Somerville, 2014). Nevertheless, Devakirubai and Gnanadurai (2014) argue that pain is not the only reason for some patients with poor prognosis requesting death, but often symptoms that may facilitate unbearable experiences such as: persistent vomiting, incontinence, fatigue, discomfort and paralysis may also influence request for euthanasia. Therefore, patients who are undergoing extreme sufferings to the extent of desiring for euthanasia deserve consented death, and it is physicians’ legal obligation to fulfil a desired intervention within their scope of practice. Although euthanasia is regarded as an alternative treatment in certain prolonged illnesses, there are several main arguments that oppose this medical intervention. These arguments against euthanasia are established due to the following reasons; medical code of ethics, political objections, and legal justice system. First of all, medical ethics often enable medical professionals to provide care within the scope of their practice without causing harm to patients, instead assist them to achieve optimal health benefits. Myers (2014) claims that medical ethics are often determined by how physicians assist patients to cope with preventive and curative treatments during the practice. In every aspect of health care, physicians’ are to protect their patients and provide care that is based on mutual trust and confidence that do not interfere with their code of ethics. In addition, physician-patient relationship is built on common trust, in which physicians’ expertise and knowledg e are fully exercised to improve patients’ wellbeing without prejudice and negligence (Myers, 2014; Malpas, et al., 2014). However, purposeful termination of life for patients suffering from terminal illnesses, may undermine trust and confidence of physicians, and eventually may limit the protection offered to patients during the care (MacLeod, et al., 2012; Doyal Doyal, 2001). Despite devastating health conditions, medical ethics should not be neglected during medical interventions, and focused on achieving satisfactory health outcomes for patients. Therefore, medical practices that undermines the value of patients’ health rights and wishes can be regarded as unethical within medical context. Another argument focuses on political objections in relation to euthanasia. Although, in some countries, legislative reforms have been passed by the government to permit euthanasia, its intervention is associated with a strong political agenda opposing its practice within the medical landscape, such as in Australia. For example, the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly approved the Rights of the Terminally Ill Act in 1995, was aimed to assist terminally ill patients the right to request voluntary euthanasia (Nicol, Tiedemann, Valiquet, 2013). Unfortunately, the bill has triggered intense criticism and was condemned by the federal parliament for several reasons. One of the reason as being â€Å"culturally† unacceptable, particularly for elderly indigenous seeking medical assistance (Kerridge Mitchell, 1996). This means that such law will prevent indigenous elderly population to seek appropriate care, and would eventually deny them from accessing basic health services. Anot her main reason that opposes the bill to legalise euthanasia was the firm opposition from ‘conservative’ liberals and key members of Labor’s right-faction in federal parliament, and that politicians need to have adequate information and knowledge in order to make good public policy (Plumb, 2014). A well-informed and collective decisions are of high importance to provide practical legislative policies for euthanasia. Regardless of overwhelming public support to permit euthanasia, Trankle (2014) affirms that it has remained illegal in Australia since the bill was dismissed. Furthermore, Plumb, (2014) argues that medical and legal experts are against its legitimacy, and although, attempts to legalise the practice in South Australia and Tasmania are apparent, the law on voluntary euthanasia is limited for changes in the future. Besides, professional organizations such as the Australian Medical Association (AMA) does not have a strong position regarding bills on eutha nasia consequently of different views and opinions shown from medical practitioners. This has also made the federal parliament to provide rationales that rejected the likelihood to legalise euthanasia in Australia (Plumb, 2014; Nicol, et al., 2013). Legalising euthanasia would likely to result in serious effects by changing medical practice, and that would affect physicians’ clinical roles. The law against euthanasia still remains and thus, it is unlikely to be decriminalised in the future. The other argument is that the deliberate termination of life due to prolonged medical condition may be unethical and against criminal laws. Most importantly, life must be valued and assisting death for terminally ill patients would require legal justice systems to be effected. According to Norwood, Kimsma and Battin (2009), physicians who conduct euthanasia would eventually lead to patients being killed against their will. In addition, active intervention which has a primary intention of killing, despite the patient’s consent is a criminal offence and is a homicide (McLellan, 2013; Ebrahimi, 2012). Similarly, MacLeod, Wilson, and Malpas (2012) claim that assisting in death with or without consent and regardless of the medical situation is a crime. , because of the integral value of human life. Furthermore, Plumb (2014) claims that euthanasia is not likely to be legalised, it is against criminal law and physicians must argue in the court that their conduct was â€Å"reasonabl e†. Often killing an innocent human life is ethically wrong in itself thereby respect awarded to human lives would be undermined (Kucharska, 2013; Varelius, 2013). Therefore, debilitating illnesses leading to death should be accepted as a natural event, rather than prematurely instigated by any medical interventions. Furthermore, arguments for and against euthanasia have continued to persist controversially in public, medical and justice sectors. These arguments have led to slippery slope issues, especially in relation to patients who are suffering from devastating health conditions. It has been argued that assisting death to patients with undergoing sufferings would mean setting precedence and increasing the rate for unnecessary death (Shah Mushtaq, 2014). Despite these arguments, some countries have certain laws that permit euthanasia, particularly for patients with terminal health status. For instance, Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg have guidelines and procedures established that specifically allow euthanasia with respect to their legal system (Pereira, 2011). In addition, the State of Oregon in the United States (US) has passed â€Å"Death with Dignity Act† to conduct euthanasia under strict criteria, considering patients’ consent (Blakely Carson, 2013). This law has enab led Oregon the legal responsibilities for physician-assisted death. However, legalising euthanasia in Australia will not likely to benefit all patients, but would continue to spark relevant arguments from some medical professionals, the federal parliament, and legal justice systems. According to Plumb (2014) there are controversies challenging the proposed legislation for euthanasia, and sufficient evidence is needed to make reasonable decisions. Therefore, the possibility of legalising physician-assisted death is seemed limited in the future as a result of differing views shown in parliamentary debates. To conclude, euthanasia still remains as a debatable issue around the world. It has generated serious discussions within the public, medical practice, politics and legal justice system. Although, it was considered an alternative medical intervention, general arguments against its legality seem to focus on undermining the patient-physician trust and confidence, thereby altering the integrity of medical ethics. Moreover, medical practice that have been motivated by empathetic care, reluctance to amend and legislate bills with respect for human dignity, and considering euthanasia as a criminal offense have limited the probability of decriminalisation in Australia. In spite of strong opposition on euthanasia, a collaborative and practical policy frameworks on palliative and end-of-life care are therefore, necessarily required from the health care system, the federal government, and the legal justice system to strengthen and safeguard medical practice. Word Counts: 2025 References Adan, M. (2013). Euthanasia: Whose Right is it Anyway? Ohio State Undergraduate Review, 1-9. Retrieved from http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001context=muna_adan Blakely, B., Carson, L. (2013). What Can Oregon Teach Australia about Dying? Journal of Politics and Law, 6(2), 30-47. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v6n2p30 Boudreau, D. J., Somerville, M. A. (2014). Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide: A Phycicians Ethicists Perspectives. Medicolegal Bioethics, 4, 1-12. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/MB.S59303 Devakirubai, E., Gnanadurai, A. (2014). Euthanasia An Overview with Indian Nursing Perspective. Asian J. Nursing Education Research, 4(1), 56-60. Retrieved from http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ajnervolume=4issue=1article=012 Doyal, L., Doyal, L. (2001). Why Active Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide Should be Legalised. BMJ, 323, 1079-1080. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1121585/pdf/1079.pdf Ebrahimi, N. (2012). The Ethics of Euthanasia. Australian Medical Student Journal, 3(1), 73-75. Retrieved from http://www.amsj.org/archives/2066 Frost, T. D., Sinha, D., Gilbert, J. B. (2014). Should Assisted Dying be Legalised? Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine, 9, 1-6. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1747-5341-9-3 Karlsson, M., Milberg, A., Strang, P. (2012). Suffering and Euthanasia: A Qualitative Study of Dying Cancer Patients Perspectives. Supportive Care in Cancer, 20(5), 1065-1071. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-011-1156-9 Kerridge, I. H., Mitchell, K. R. (1996). The Legislation of Active Voluntary Euthanasia in Australia: Will the Slippery Slope Prove Fatal? Journal of Medical Ethics, 22, 273-278. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.22.5.273 Kucharska, E. (2013). Euthanasia Is it a Murder or Charity? Clinical Perspective. E-Theologos, 4(1), 97-108. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/etheo-2013-0009 Lavoie, M., Godin, G., Vezina-Im, L.-A., Blondeau, D., Martineau, I., Roy, L. (2014). Effect of Knowing Patients Wishes and Health Profession on Euthanasia. Palliative Care Medicine, 4(1), 1-6. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2165-7386.1000169 Levett, C. (2011). Dying with Dignity The Case for End of Life Choices. Australian Nursing Journal, 11(8), 48. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/855629200?accountid=10382 Levy, T. B., Azar, S., Huberfeld, R., Siegel, A. M., Strous, R. D. (2013). Attitudes towards Euthanasia Assisted Suicide: A Compasrison between Psychiatrists other Psycicians. Bioethics, 27(7), 402-408. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2012.01968.x MacLeod, R. D., Wilson, D. M., Malpas, P. (2012). Assisted or Hastened Death: The Healthcare Practitioners Dilemma. Global Journal of Health Science, 4(6), 87-98. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1081341961?accountid=10382 Malpas, J. P., Wilson, M. K., Rae, N., Johnson, M. (2014). Why do older people oppose physician-assisted dying? A Qualitative Study. Palliative Medicine, 28(4), 352-359. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269216313511284 McLellan, I. (2013). The End of Life Issues Part 2. Indian Journal of Respiratory Care, 2(2), 258-261. Myers, J. (2014). Medical Ethics: Context is the Key Word. International Journal of Clinical Medicine, 5, 1030-1045. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijcm.2014.516134 Nicol, J., Tiedemann, M., Valiquet, D. (2013). Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide: International Experiences. Library of Parliament, 14-15. Retrieved from http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/lop/researchpublications/2011-67-e.pdf Norwood, F., Kimsma, G., Battin, M. P. (2009). Vulnerability and the Slipery Slope at the End-of-Life: A Qualitative Study of Euthanasia, General Practice and Home Death in The Netherlands. Oxford Journals, 472-480. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmp065 Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D., Rurup, M. L., Pasman, H., Roseline, W., van der, A. H. (2010, July). The Last Phase of Life: Who Requests and Who Recieves Euthanasia or Physician-assisted Suicide? Medical Care, 48(7), 596-603. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181dbea75 Pereira, J. (2011). Legalizing Euthanasia or Assisted Suicide: The Illusion of Safeguards and Controls. Current Oncology, 18(2), 38-45. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3070710/ Plumb, A. (2014). The Future of Euthanasia Politics in the Australian State Parliaments. Australian Parliamentary Review, 29(1), 67-86. Retrieved from http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=513534504481857;res=IELHSS Shah, A., Mushtaq, A. (2014). The Right to Live or Die? A Perspective on Voluntary Euthanasia. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 30(5), 1159-1160. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.12669/pjms.305.5777 Sjostrand, M., Helgesson, G., Eriksson, S., Juth, N. (2013). Autonomy-based Arguments Against Physician-assisted Suicide Euthanasia: A Critique. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 16(2), 225-230. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11019-9365-5 Trankle, S. A. (2014). Decisions that Hasten Death: Double Effect and the Experiences of Physicians in Australia. BMC Medical Ethics, 15(26), 1-15. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6939-15-26 Varelius, J. (2013). Voluntary Euthanasia, Physician-assisted Suicide, and the Right to Do Wrong. HEC Forum, 25(3), 229-243. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10730-013-9208-2 1

Essay --

INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE ASSIGNMENT II 016201300090 IR-1 / 2013 2013 I. System Theory – David Easton System theory was first announced by David Easton, a Canadian political scientist in 1965. He is most well-known for his proposal of applying the theory in the world of political science. System theory basically explains about how the environment and social life as well give contribution and affect the political system around them, and the process goes on cyclically. Firstly, there are demands or supports from the surrounding environment of the present time (demands of changes from people/citizens, for example: rise of salary, changes of policy, better welfare and public facilities). These demands are to be said by Easton as inputs, which then will be taken into account to the political system. Secondly, after going through considerations in political system, the received inputs leads the political system into making decisions and or actions, called as outputs given to the social environment (for example: new policy, new rules, new facilities). Thirdly, the ‘outputs’ are given to the environment and the political system lets them interact. If the outputs given resulting in some changes or improvement, it means there are outcomes. Lastly, after some time the environment interacts with the new outputs, there might be some more changes demanded to the outcomes (for example, the new policies/rules are too strict, the facilities needs be tter management). These new demands towards the outcomes are called feedbacks. Feedbacks will once again be taken into account by the political system, which we can consider as the new inputs - in other words it’s back to the first time, hence called a cyclical process. For example... ... utilitarianism could be done in a wrong way. For example, an act of stealing from the rich to give the benefits to the poor, will still be considered a good action. Even though the process could be considered as a crime, the purpose or result however, is to promote the happiness of the poor people; for what matters to utilitarianism is the results only, not the motives nor the methods – hence the questions arise about utilitarianism being unjust. However, according to Mill arguments regarding the protests, justice actually preserves peace among people, and that is the implementation of the definition of utilitarianism itself. Utilitarianism theory can also be implemented in government nowadays in case of creating rules and policies and especially in making decisions, in means that the decisions made can bring out the best results which will actually benefit people.

Raskolnikov’s Duplistic Nature in Crime and Punishment :: Crime Punishment Essays

Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment is the story of a poor man in czarist Russia who can only purge himself of his guilt through suffering. It deals with the mental and physical tribulation brought upon him by his crime. His troubles are compounded by the conflicting personalities which he possesses. The reader is inclined to characterize him by his cold, intellectual side. Yet, without the contrasting humane side of his nature, Raskolnikov never realizes the errors in his theory and actions. Raskolnikov is defined by the duplistic nature of his personality, with each facet being just as vital as the other. Raskolnikov's cold side leads him to develop his theory, and thus to commit murder. This side of him bases all decisions on reason and rationalization (although it is sometimes incorrect), rather than on feeling. It is purely stoical, without emotion. The other side of his character is kind and compassionate. Without this side being presented the reader views him as an evil murderer, and not a mislead victim, as Dostoevsky intends. In the novel Raskolnikov engages in sporadic acts of kindness. He gives money to the Marmeladov family, he attempts to aid Marmeladov when he dies, and he tries to get a drunken girl home and away from her pursuer. All of these deeds were done without premeditation. He simply feels that at the time it is the right thing to do. After a short period of time his outlook dramatically reverses. He starts to rationally analyze what he has done, and then feels that his actions were stupid. This transition marks the return of his cold side, and it occurs after every kind thing that Raskolnikov does.

The Fedarlist Papers - Ed Millican :: essays research papers

Within the pages of One United People: The Federalist Papers and the National Idea, author Ed Millican dissects not only The Federalist piece by piece, but scrutinizes numerous works of other authors in regards to the papers written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. As a result, a strong conclusion asserts that the motives of The Federalist was to create a sturdy nation-state but above all, that American polity is far more complex than pluralism and a free-market economy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The very last statement in the book reads, â€Å"The Federalist, the blueprint of the American nation.† This statement alone can summarize the opinion of author Ed Millican as well as many others, but many pages before that is written, the author goes on to examine and explain the many ideas surrounding Publius, including the numerous interpretations of The Federalist, as well as the political objectives of the work as well. However, instead of merely stating the facts and then contributing his opinion, Millican breaks each part of Publius, including the founding fathers who created the pen name, their individual contributions, as well as what exactly a nation-state is. With the help of a significant amount of evidence, Milican continues to assert that Publius was entirely a nationalist and believed heavily in the Lockean ideals that people want to be a unified nation. The very first chapter comes on strong by giving examples of the many interpretations of Publius. Millican then either counters these arguments or accommodates them to his own conclusions. Afterwards, Publius’ mission in pre-Constitutional America is discussed, as well as the idea that The Federalist indeed had Nationalistic tendencies. The next section of the book contributes to perhaps the most appealing aspect of the whole book. Because the concept of the nation-state was brought up in the previous chapter, Millican elaborates on exactly what a nation-state is, as well as historical examples of the evolution of central regimes, but moreover the condition of the United States at the time The Federalist was in print. This provided an excellent introduction into what becomes the lion’s share of the book, which was Hamilton, Madison, and Jay’s contribution and actions in their respective volumes of The Federalist. This is unique because virtually every attempt at the motives of these works have only taken pieces of The Federalist and used, at most, a handful of essays of the 85 that collectively make up the collection.

Investigating the Aesthetical and Functional Qualities of Contemporary Chalet Interiors

‘Investigating the aesthetical and functional qualities of the modern-day chalet insides and their rise, from the low mountain hut beginnings’ This essay is intended to thoroughly look into the insides of mountain chalets, chiefly comparing the current epicurean skiing chalets to the early mountain huts. Whether these chalets are used for skiing intents or non, chalets may besides be found beside the seaboard. Thankss to modern agencies of conveyance and assembly techniques, chalets are besides being made in a portable mode. Another of import factor is that the celebrated chalets aren’t entirely the lone wooden huts there were at the clip, nevertheless something similar was go oning at the same time in the U.S. The communal may undervalue the power of chalets presents, therefore they are taken for granted, due to being commercialised as the ultimate topographic point to see, due to epicurean high-end insides which are without a uncertainty eye-catching. What is being emphasised in this essay is, what if there is something even deeper than interior decorator armchairs or such pieces of furniture? Besides tackled in this essay, will be Swiss traditions and a close expression into whether they are still being incorporated in these insides or non. Pushing aside these traditions would impact the manner the chalet insides are known for. Other of import factors of chalets are evidently the wood used, has the stuffs changed therefore being improved or are the same traditional stuffs being used because they were and are still supreme in quality? The term ‘Chalet’ originated from the Alp part in Europe, and still at this really twenty-four hours it is called so. In the early yearss, these crude chalets besides known as huts, used to house non merely one household but besides several households and were really limited in size. The really beginning of these huts was as utile agencies of safety for their animate beings, such as cowss and the farmer’s nutriment of nutrient and drink. These were besides most popular in the warmer months, where the husbandmans used to travel upward on the mountains to crowd their cowss. In these chalets the husbandmans used to populate in the hut with their animate beings and bring forth milk and cheese for the proceeding months. Way back, in the winter months these huts weren’t used much, as opposed to presents. Besides holding these chalets, some husbandmans besides had similar huts called ‘mazots’ , which were smaller and didn’t have any Windowss. T hese ‘mazots’ were used to hive away and lock cherished properties. Harmonizing to William S. B. Dana ( 1913 ) , ‘ [ degree Fahrenheit ] or the wood for building his place, the builder, if he is hapless, petitions aid from his local authorities. [ †¦ ] The lumber holding been selected, the friends and neighbors assist the home- shaper in his work, ’ with this statement Dana is depicting how the Alpine community used to work and how close knit they were. This furthermore reflected in the manner they decorated their houses in a cozy manner and were self sustainable in being able to construct their ain houses. These communities owned their ain woods therefore the stuffs for edifice houses were supplied from at that place. Another of import fact was the stuffs used. The chief stuff is wood ; this is still today associated with modern-day mountain chalets and plays a immense portion in the edifice of and decor of these insides. Kylloe’s ( 2006 ) facts coincide with those of Dana ( 1913 ) as he states that ‘Log cabins were th e preferable place of the innovators for several grounds. One, they were easy to construct. Trees were everyplace†¦ ’ this was mentioning to the U.S. Since Chalets are associated with Switzerland one can non neglect to retrieve that these wooden huts aren’t entirely in Europe but have besides been in being in North America called log places. On this note Ralph Kylloe ( 2006 ) points out that ‘ [ T ] here is another misconception sing log places that should be addressed. The first Europeans that arrived on our shores ( U.S ) did non construct log cabins. Most of the really early constructions erected, were atrocious hovels that rapidly fell apart, collapsible shelters or other transeunt constructions that did small to insulate and protect recent reachings from Europe.’ Later on due to development as researched by Dana ( 1913 ) , ‘Geneva is a celebrated place of chalet industry and design. From itsfabriques, chalets of all mode of forms and sizes are sent Forth into the universe to go summer houses, mountain trail route Stationss, brooding, hotels, etc.’ Dana specifically points out that in America t hey have different methods of building therefore holding with Kylloe ( 2006 ) . In Geneva they build the full chalet spot by spot, when done they knock it down and direct it to where it is to be placed for good, holding said that the proprietors can easy level it and take it anyplace else if need be, where as in the U.S. the whole edifice procedure is done on site. When it comes to the insides of Swiss chalets Dana ( 1913 ) states that ‘ , the entryway being by and large at the side, though on occasion at the rear – about ne'er at the front.’ Which is non the instance in the U.S. since Kylloe ( 2006 ) states that the ‘front door’ , even supported with an image was made of lasting wood slabs and opened towards the inside. One thing in common both in Europe and in the U.S. as stated by Kyloe ( 2006 ) was that ‘ [ T ] he hearth was the bosom of the home.’ Traditional Chalets are all the fury when it comes to Swiss mountain climbers. The chief characteristic found in chalets all over the universe is without a uncertainty ; wood. This of import stuff is what makes a mountain chalet traditional. Recently stated by Vabec ( 2013 ) in his article, wood blends really good with hearths which are made of rock and the furred sheets that drape quietly on the couch. In general wood is a rather a warm stuff, it creates warmth even to the coolest toned houses, so it comes to no surprise that each and every traditional chalet is covered with this well loved stuff. Shown in the ceilings, floors, kitchens, hearths, beds etc, one can rest assured to happen touches of wood or a great trade of it, in mountain chalets. On this same note, non merely the traditional chalets made usage of wood, but it is besides being used in chalets being built and furnished presents. Mc Culloch ( n.d. ) in his article explains, how Gilly ( the interior decorator of Chalet Dargan, Switzerland ) calls these insides ‘ [ m ] odern Alpine’ . This statement translated clearly through his work, where he used many stuffs including untreated wood. The usage of untreated wood was entirely to keep the consistence with the outside of the chalet Dargan, where the celebrated Verbier Ski Reach was situated right exterior. The designer of this esteemed chalet made usage of pine which Mc Culloch ( n.d. ) goes on about how ‘in a modern-day turn, the boards cladding the walls were laid horizontally instead than vertically.’ ‘It is of import to utilize local stuffs wherever possible. Along with all the old-timers we found, this adds to the chalet’s genuineness as you get the history of the part merely from what you find inside it. Reproductions don’t give a topographic point that sense of ambiance or depth.’ Burt ( 2013 ) Adding to this statement she antecedently goes on about how ‘ [ T ] raditional chalets can be rather littered, but we wanted a really simple infinite that still felt reliable. The tabular array and chairs are masters, once more sourced locally, and because they are mis-matched you get a welcoming feel instead than something excessively formal.’ An inside can be refined and enhanced by utilizing local traditional stuffs as Rus, ( 2013 ) agrees with Burt’s old statement and continues by stating that refinement and heightening a chalet by agencies of low local stuffs is the manner to travel. She returns by adverting several stuffs used when ad orning traditional chalets, some of which include ; ‘flat- textured frontier rock, repurposed corral boards, century- old hand- hewn beams and moss rock’ . Rus, ( 2013 ) concludes by citing Markham Roberts ( interior interior decorator ) where he says ‘ [ tungsten ] ith stupefying mountain positions and great skiing to bask, who needs a tricked-out place theater? ’ Stating otherwise is Burt ( 2013 ) where she says that the client wanted something loony, therefore the room took a dramatic turn compared to the traditional and minimal art found in the other suites. Animal caput visible radiations were used to maintain the traditional facet alive, nevertheless instead than couch ; since they would hold been excessively rigorous they opted for whiffs, which can be moved about effortlessly. The remainder of the house was rather impersonal so in this room they pulled all the Michigans and went for a dad of coloring material, go forthing the remainder of the house igniter looking. Patrick Lecoq, a celebrated carpenter fitter, voices his sentiment in an article by Armendine ( 2013 ) where he says that ‘the chalet manner I like, less ‘heavy’ and loaded than the traditional manner, which I sometimes criticized for holding ‘too much’ wood. The living country is big, full of light and clear.’ He moreover goes on about how he prefers to paint wooden walls in white to give it a cleaner expression and besides to do a room expression bigger. Lecoq is non the lone Alpine expert who diverges from traditions, Nicky Dobree besides doesn’t like to over jumble with wood, and her manner is ‘classic contemporary’ . ‘Nicky’s version of skiing luxury is cool and classy instead than technicolour and flash. Her main beginning for the chalet was Christian Liaigre, the Gallic designer’ . ( Redhead, 2005 ) Having said that intimations of tradition are still seen in her work, but she prefers to writhe them in her ain manner. ‘Aside from the chromium steel steel and leather front door grip, Moudon’s log- cabin looks provide no intimation of the gilded modernness within. But beyond the rough- and- ready porch is a five-bedroom ski chalet. And it’s pure James Bond with its woolen throws, fox pelts, cowskin and the boom log fire [ †¦ ] the sweat room, the hot bath, mod cons and Gaggenau.’ ( Redhead, 2005 ) Another interesting fact about Dobree, is as Rich ( 2013, p.79 ) says that ‘Dobree utilizations warm Earth tones and sophisticated natural stuffs, such as pelts, leather, and rock. This interior decorator besides refashions typical design elements of the Alpine chalet: [ †¦ ] screens armchairs and Ottomans with animate being hides.’ Besides being born and raised in Britain meant that Dobree was non from the Alps part ; nevertheless she channels her loyal British side by doing usage of tartan cloths. ‘Dobree blends the dignified pol ish of a British parlour with the appeal of a countrified mountain chalet.’ ( Rich, 2013, p.79 ) When it comes to color pallets both Mc Culloch ( n.d. , p.167 ) and Burt ( 2013 ) province, that when doing usage of impersonal tones in these chalet insides, alternatively of adding a touch of coloring material they maintain a steady coloring material strategy, in most instances impersonal and they adjust things by indulging different textured beds, and therefore soft colorss flow into each other. Another rule for them is to present forms alongside these textures. Many Alpine insides as farther mentioned by Mc Culloch ( n.d. , p.167 ) usage ‘ [ degree Fahrenheit ] abrics by Mulberry, Casamance and Moon [ †¦ ] layered with field coloured linens to give textural heat [ †¦ ] Given that you’ve got so many difficult surfaces, you truly necessitate the cloths to soften the place.’ Another of import factor, which makes today’s chalets comforting and inviting goes down to the lighting used. As stated by Burt ( 2013 ) , the visible radiation used ( instance in point a crystal pendant ) , adds a modern-day feel, without being excessively strong. Bedside lamps or any other lamps, add cozy pools of illuming where it is needed elsewhere. Besides electricity illuming a immense visible radiation beginning for these chalets is natural visible radiation. Most of today’s chalets are surrounded by Windowss, most of them being immense glass panels replacing opaque walls. This is down to the user being in harmoniousness with nature instead than being wholly excluded. This natural visible radiation beginning adds heat to the room, doing it experience more homely and delighting. Nowadays the traditional animate being horns over the hearth, are still being used nevertheless, they are given a intent. As Burt ( 2013 ) references in her article, in the place film she made usage of carnal caputs as a beginning of illuming. This kept in sync with the chalet traditions even though the remainder of the room was far from traditional. Another interior decorator that uses a similar scheme is Nicky Dobree, who is good known for her upscale mountain chalet redevelopments. As Rich ( 2013, p. 79 ) references, Dobree ‘creates pendants out of runing trophies’ . Chiefly built in 1941, Chesa Nova is found in the bosom of St. Moritz, Switzerland. In the class of these last few old ages, legion redevelopments and add-ons were made to this chalet. Family members have late altered the construction to do it more modern-day and to furthermore do them experience more at easiness. Certain traditional constructions were left untasted, which include the ceilings which were made of Swiss rock pine. This pine is besides known as the ‘Queen of the Alps’ because it is found in the highest clime conditions of the Alps. The aroma of the wood stated antecedently is said to hold healthy effects for people’s well- being ( Rich, 2013, p.127 ) . Coinciding with what Rus ( 2013 ) antecedently stated, Rich ( 2013, p.127 ) indicates, ‘During the undertaking, Stamm combined antique elements made of rock and wood with carnal pelts and felt upholstery materials’ . A figure of modern-day chalets preserve their natural traditional facet while presenting different manners to add something excess to give that belly laugh factor. As indicated by Rich ( 2013, p.118 ) Chesa Cresta in St. Moritz, Switzerland where one can happen traditional wood constructions, but a great trade of this chalet revolves around the Baroque manner, as Rich said herself ‘ The ornaments are rather Baroque: sophisticated velvets, flowered designs, old landscape pictures, and curtains having artistic embroidery.’ ( 2013, p.118 ) Both Turrentine ( 2010 ) and Rich ( 2013, p.142 ) have the same sentiment and point out that some chalets make usage of ‘White or red- painted walls form the ideal background for pictures from Russian daring motion and Graubunden old-timers. The trappingss reflect the clip in which the construction was built and include pieces from the Bauhaus, De Stijl, and the Wiener Werkstatte motions every bit good as a aggregation from Gerrit R ietvelt.’ ( Rich, 2013, p.142 ) ‘‘We didn’t want to make an exact transcript of an Arts and Crafts interior, ’’ says Botero, ‘‘but we were decidedly influenced by that style- its spirit of detailing, and particularly its vocabulary of wood.’’ ( Turrentine 2010 ) Epicurean chalets are clearly outstanding presents, Bibliography: Dawson, L. , 2014. History of the Huts.History of the Huts. [ ONLINE ] Available through: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.huts.org/The_Huts/hut_history.html. [ Accessed 04 May 2014 ] . Lee, L. , Chalets are excessively epicurean – Telegraph. 2013.Chalets are excessively epicurean – Telegraph. [ ONLINE ] Available through: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/snowandski/features/10404223/Chalets-are-too-luxurious.html. [ Accessed 01 May 2014 ] . Mc Culloch, A.,2014. Summit Special. Homes and Interiors Scotland, Available through: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chaletdargan.com/Site/Welcome_files/Chalet_Home % 26Interiors.pdf [ Accessed 04 May 2014 ] Ralph Kylloe, 2011.Countrified Home. Edition. Gibbs Smith. Rich, G. , 2012.Populating in Style Mountain Chalets ( English, German and Gallic Edition ). Mul Edition. teNeues. William S B Dana, 2012.Swiss Chalet Book: An Elegant Guide to Architecture and Design. 1 Edition. Skyhorse Publication.